In electric power: any Person which, alone or together with any other Person, directly or indirectly, through one or more intermediaries, Controls, is Controlled by, or is under common Control with another Person. Affiliates shall include a subsidiary company and parent company and subsidiaries, directly or indirectly, of a common parent [Section 4(c), Rules and Regulations to Implement Republic Act No. 9136, Entitled “Electric Power Industry Reform Act of 2001”]
In petroleum: (1) a company in which a contractor holds directly or indirectly at least fifty per cent of its outstanding shares entitled to vote; (2) a company which holds directly or indirectly at least fifty per cent of the contractor’s outstanding shares entitled to vote; or (c) a company in which at least fifty per cent of its share outstanding and entitled to vote are owned by a company which owns directly at least fifty per cent of the shares outstanding and entitled to vote of the contractor [Section 3(o), Oil Exploration and Development Act of 1972]
In oil & gas, natural gas: any corporation that directly or indirectly, through one or more intermediaries, controls, is controlled by, or is under common control of another corporation. As used herein, “control” shall mean the power to direct or cause the direction of management policies as an inherent part of the decision-making power [Section 4(a), Philippine Natural Gas Industry Development Act; Section 4(b), DOE Department Circular No. DC 2025-04-0005, Philippine Natural Gas Industry Development Act IRR]